Why we review the serum creatinine?

Serum creatinine

1) Liver produce creatinine

2) Creatin kinase ferment phosphorylate creatinine to: phosphocreatine

3) phosphocreatine is high-energy compound so muscle and brain need it mainly

4) at the end of metabolysm kidnet remove creatinin

5) if the function of kidneys funstion slows down then creatinine level will increase

Do not be envious! Share your knowledge with us. Comment more information. Share also..

Right parasternal position

Do you use right parasternal position on echocardiography? If we dont use then why we say that position while talking about echocardiography?

This position is useful to examine the aorta or interatrial septum and is also useful in patients with congenital malposition of the heart, such as dextrocardia. If you have more information do not be envious. Share your knowledge with us.

Congenital Heart Defects

Lets put the list of CHD here, then step by step review them :)
Aortic stenosis
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)
Bicuspid aortic valve
Dextrocardia
Double inlet left ventricle (DILV)
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV)
Ebstein's anomaly
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS)
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonary atresia
Pulmonary stenosis
Transposition of the great vessels
dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
levo-Transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA)
Tricuspid atresia
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)
Some conditions affect the great vessels or other vessels in close proximity to the heart, but not the heart itself, but are often classified as congenital heart defects.
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
Double aortic arch, aberrant subclavian artery, and other malformations of the great arteries
Interrupted aortic arch (IAA)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Scimitar syndrome (SS)
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
Some constellations of multiple defects are commonly found together.
tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
pentalogy of Cantrell
Shone's syndrome/ Shone's complex / Shone's anomaly

Ventricular septal defect types

How many VSD types do you know? Lets count together..
1. Perimembranous VSD
2. Muscular VSD
3. Inlet VSD
4. Infundibular (supracristal) VSD
5. Apical VSD


Watch the video for more information about VSD

Carcinoid Heart Disease

1) Fixed tricuspid valve
2) Dilated RA and RV
3) Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine malignancies
4) Carcinoid tumors secrete large amounts of vasoactive substances: (5-hydroxytryptamine, tachykinins, prostaglandins)
5) Carcinoid SYNDROME occurs when tumor cells metastasize to the liver
6)  Vasoactive substances start to releasing from liver
7) That substances reaching the right heart (RA, RV)
8) deposition of fibrous tissue on endocard